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[ MUSIC ]

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>> WE'RE GOING TO THE MOON.

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THIS TIME,
WE'RE GOING TO STAY.

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WE'RE GOING TO THE MOON AS
A PROVING GROUND FOR LEARNING

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HOW TO LIVE AND THRIVE
ON ANOTHER PLANETARY BODY

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IN PREPARATION FOR FUTURE
MISSIONS TO MARS.

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NASA ADMINISTRATOR
JIM BRIDENSTINE USES ONE WORD

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REPEATEDLY WHEN DESCRIBING HOW
THE ARTEMIS PROGRAM DIFFERS

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FROM THE APOLLO PROGRAM.

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>> THE PRESIDENT'S FIRST SPACE
POLICY DIRECTIVE SAYS TO GO TO

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THE MOON, GO SUSTAINABLY,
AND HAVE THE UNITED STATES OF

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AMERICA LEAD A COALITION OF
NATIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE

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RETURN TO THE MOON.

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BY 2028, WE NEED SUSTAINABILITY.

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WE'RE GOING TO THE MOON,
WE'RE GOING SUSTAINABLY,

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WE'RE MOVING FAST.

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>> "SUSTAINABLE."

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WE ALSO HEAR OR SEE
THIS OR SIMILAR WORDS

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IN MEDIA POSTINGS FROM
SPACE ENTREPRENEURS AND

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INTERNATIONAL SPACE AGENCIES.

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SUSTAINABLE, REUSABLE,
RESOURCES.

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WHAT DOES ALL THIS MEAN?

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BEFORE I ANSWER THAT,
LET'S TALK ABOUT

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WHAT IT DOESN'T MEAN.

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SO FAR, IN OUR FIFTY YEAR
HISTORY OF SENDING HUMANS

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BEYOND EARTH ORBIT, WE HAVE
BROUGHT EVERYTHING WE NEED

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FOR THE TRIP FROM HOME.

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AND THE BULKIEST AND HEAVIEST
THING WE NEED IS THE ROCKET

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PROPELLANT THAT GETS US OFF
EARTH AND SAFELY BACK.

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WHEN THE SATURN V WAS SITTING
ON THE LAUNCH PAD, WE HAD BIG,

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POWERFUL ROCKET ENGINES AT
THE BOTTOM AND A TINY HUMAN

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SPACE CAPSULE AND LUNAR MODULE
AT THE TOP.

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IN BETWEEN IS MOSTLY PROPELLANT.

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OXYGEN AND KEROSENE
TO GET US OFF EARTH,

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OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN TO
PUSH 'EM TO THE MOON,

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AND STORABLE PROPELLANTS TO GET
DOWN TO THE LUNAR SURFACE,

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BACK UP TO ORBIT, AND BACK HOME.

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AND WHILE THE PROPELLANTS FOR
THE RETURN TRIP SEEMS

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SMALL WHEN COMPARED TO
THE OTHER STAGES.

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IT CAN HAVE A HUGE IMPACT
ON THE ENTIRE VEHICLE.

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THINK OF WHAT HAPPENS TO
THE GAS MILEAGE IN THE FAMILY

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MINIVAN ON A ROAD TRIP WHEN WE
START CLIMBING THE MOUNTAINS.

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OR WORSE, WHEN WE START
CLIMBING THE MOUNTAINS,

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CARRYING PRECIOUS VACATION GEAR.

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IMAGINE WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF
THE FAMILY MINIVAN HAD A PULL

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OF TANKER OF GAS OVER THOSE
MOUNTAINS IN ORDER TO

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REFUEL FOR THE TRIP HOME.

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AS AMUSING AS THIS IMAGE IS,
BECAUSE WE ALL REALIZE HOW

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UNSUSTAINABLE THIS METHOD OF
VACATIONING WOULD BE,

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THIS IS EXACTLY HOW WE HAVE
EXPLORED SPACE, UNTIL NOW.

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SO HOW ARE WE GOING TO
CHANGE THIS PARADIGM?

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WE'RE GOING TO BUILD
A GAS STATION ON THE MOON

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FOR THE ASTRONAUTS TO REFUEL
THEIR VEHICLE FOR THE TRIP HOME.

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OF COURSE, GAS STATIONS ONLY
DISPENSE THE GAS, SO WE WILL

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ALSO NEED THE EQUIPMENT TO
GATHER THE RAW RESOURCES,

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AND A REFINERY TO PROCESS
THOSE RESOURCES INTO

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ROCKET PROPELLANT.

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WE CALL THIS
"IN SITU RESOURCE UTILIZATION,"

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OR ISOU FOR SHORT.

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OUR ANCESTORS CALLED IT
"LIVING OFF THE LAND."

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WE ESTIMATE THAT WE WILL NEED
APPROXIMATELY TWELVE TONS OF

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OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN PROPELLANT
TO REFUEL THE LANDER,

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GET IT BACK UP TO LUNAR ORBIT
SO WE CAN USE IT AGAIN

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ON THE NEXT TRIP.

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IF WE CAN MAKE THAT TWELVE TONS
ON THE LUNAR SURFACE,

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WE WOULDN'T NEED TO
BRING IT FROM EARTH.

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WHILE THIS SOUNDS LIKE A HUGE
SAVINGS ON ITS OWN,

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BECAUSE LUNAR ASCENT IS
THE LAST PHASE OF THE MISSION,

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ANY SAVINGS ARE LIKE
COMPOUNDED INTEREST,

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AND THAT 12 TONS NEEDED
AT THE END OF OUR TRIP CAN

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ADD UP TO MUCH LARGER SAVINGS.

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IN THE PREVIOUS TALK,
YOU HEARD ABOUT SOME OF

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THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF
THE TRIP TO THE MOON.

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LET'S FOLLOW THAT
TRIP BACKWARDS.

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ASSUMING WE MAKE JUST
ONE KILOGRAM OF PROPELLANT

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ON THE LUNAR SURFACE.

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IN ORDER TO LAND THAT ONE
KILOGRAM FROM LOW LUNAR ORBIT,

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WE NEED ANOTHER ONE KILOGRAM
OF PROPELLANT IN TANKS,

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WHICH WE ALSO DON'T NEED TO
BRING FROM EARTH WHEN MAKING

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THE ONE KILOGRAM ON THE SURFACE.

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OUR SAVINGS ARE AT TWO AND A--
K-- TWO KILOGRAMS.

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CONTINUING BACKWARDS,
WE WOULD NEED ANOTHER

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HALF KILOGRAM TO GET THAT
TWO KILOGRAMS FROM GATEWAY

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DOWN TO LOW LUNAR ORBIT.

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SO NOW WE HAVE SAVED
TWO AND A HALF KILOGRAMS.

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AND EVEN WITH THE VERY EFFICIENT
SLOW ROAD TRIP THAT IS PLANNED

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TO GET THE UNCREWED ELEMENTS
OUT TO GATEWAY, WE WOULD STILL

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NEED MORE THAN SIX KILOGRAMS
OF PROPELLANT TO GET THAT

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TWO AND A HALF KILOGRAMS
FROM LOW EARTH ORBIT

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UP TO GATEWAY.

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ADD IT ALL TOGETHER,
THAT ONE KILOGRAM WE MADE

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ON THE LUNAR SURFACE HAS REDUCED
OUR MASS IN LOW EARTH ORBIT

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BY ALMOST NINE KILOGRAMS,
WHICH MEANS THE ABILITY TO

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MAKE TWELVE TONS ON
THE LUNAR SURFACE CAN REDUCE

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OUR MASS IN LOW EARTH ORBIT
BY OVER ONE HUNDRED TONS.

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ALSO, BECAUSE WE CAN
NOW REUSE THE LANDER,

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WE REALIZE AN ADDITIONAL 18 TON
SAVINGS IN LOW EARTH ORBIT

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BECAUSE OF ALL THE PROPELLANT
WE DON'T NEED TO PUSH

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A NEW LANDER OUT
TO GATEWAY ON EVERY TRIP.

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ALL TOGETHER,
PRODUCTION OF PROPELLANT

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ENABLE REUSABLE LANDER COULD
RESULT IN 120 TONS LESS

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AT THE START OF OUR TRIP,
A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION FROM

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THE OLD WAY OF EXPLORING SPACE.

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THIS SAVES SIGNIFICANT
LAUNCH COSTS, AND BRINGS

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THE VISION OF SUSTAINED PRESENCE
ON THE LUNAR SURFACE

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WITHIN OUR GRASP.

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SO LET'S TALK NOW ABOUT SOME
OF THE TECHNOLOGY NEEDED

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TO MAKE ISOU A REALITY.

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NASA PLANS TO LAND
NEAR THE SOUTH POLE,

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WHERE ORBITAL MISSIONS,
SUCH AS CLEMENTINE AND THE

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LUNAR RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER
DETECTED WATER SIGNATURES IN

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AND NEAR THE PERMANENTLY
SHADOWED REGIONS.

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AND THE PLUME CREATED WHEN
THE L-CROSS SPACECRAFT WAS

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PURPOSEFULLY CRASHED INTO
CABEUS CRATER CONTAINED

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HYDROGEN COMPONENTS EQUIVALENT
TO 5% WATER BY WEIGHT.

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THIS DATA COMBINED HAS PAINTED
A PICTURE OF SIGNIFICANT WATER

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RESOURCES, SHOWN HERE IN BLUE.

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IF IT CAN BE HARVESTED FOR
LIFE SUSTAINING WATER AND AIR

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FOR THE ASTRONAUTS, AS WELL
AS THE TONS OF PROPELLANT

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FOR THE TRIP HOME.

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THE FIRST STEP IS TO DIG UP
THE ICY REGOLITH AND DELIVER

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IT TO A PROCESSING PLANT.

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BUT NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
SAYS THAT FOR EVERY ACTION

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THERE IS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE
REACTION, AND THE 1/6 GRAVITY

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ON THE MOON MAKES IT DIFFICULT
TO FIND THE REACTION FORCE

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NECESSARY FOR DIGGING
AND DRIVING.

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SO WE ARE WORKING ON NEW WAYS
OF DIGGING IN COMPACT TO

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GRANULAR REGOLITH AND IN
HARD MATERIALS, WHERE WE

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MAY TAKE MANY SMALL SCOOPS
INSTEAD OF BIG SCOOPS,

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PUSH SIDEWAYS AGAINST THE WHEELS
OF THE EXCAVATOR INSTEAD OF

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IN LINE WITH THEM,
OR POSSIBLY DIG AT BOTH ENDS

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TO PROVIDE THE REACTION FOR US.

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WE ARE WORKING ON LIGHTWEIGHT
COMPLIANT WHEELS MADE OF WIRES

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THAT REMEMBER THEIR ORIGINAL
SHAPE TO PROVIDE TRACTION

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FOR OUR EXCAVATORS.

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AND WE ARE DESIGNING
MOBILITY PLATFORMS WITH

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EASILY-REPLACEABLE COMPONENTS
FOR PROLONGED LIFE WHEN

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WE ARE SO FAR AWAY FROM
OUR FAVORITE MECHANIC.

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ONCE WE HAVE GATHERED
THE RESOURCE, WE WILL BAKE IT

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TO EXTRACT THE WATER,
POSSIBLY IN SOMETHING SIMILAR

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TO A TERRESTRIAL SOIL DRYER,
EXCEPT ON EARTH, THEY ARE

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INTERESTED IN THE DRY DIRT,
AND ON THE MOON AND MARS,

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WE ARE INTERESTED IN
THE WATER THAT COMES OUT.

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SO WHILE ALL OF THIS SOUNDS
SIMPLE ENOUGH-- KIND OF--

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THERE'S STILL MANY CHALLENGES
TO GETTING TO THIS

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EXCITING NATURAL RESOURCE
AND EXTRACTING THE WATER

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FOR USE.

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FIRST, THE WATER IS IN
PERMANENTLY SHADOWED REGIONS,

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WHICH ARE
SURROUNDED BY SUNLIGHT,

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BUT REMAIN IN PERMANENT SHADOW,
BECAUSE THEY ARE LOWER THAN

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THE SURROUNDING TERRAIN.

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TERRAIN MAPS OF THE AREA SAY
THAT THE PATH INTO THESE REGIONS

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CAN BE LONG AND STEEP,
WITH MOST SLOPES GREATER THAN

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FIFTEEN DEGREES,
SHOWN HERE IN GREEN,

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PRESENTING SIGNIFICANT
CHALLENGES IF WE WANNA

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CONTINUALLY DRIVE IN
TO GATHER THE RESOURCE

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AND DRIVE BACK OUT TO DELIVER IT
TO THE PROCESSING PLANT.

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AN ALTERNATIVE IS TO DO MORE
PROCESSING AT THE EXCAVATION

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SITE, BAKING THE WATER OUT ON
A HOT PLATE AS WE DIG IT UP.

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OF COURSE, THIS IS ALSO
NOT AS EASY AS IT SOUNDS.

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AS WE HAVE DISCOVERED,
THAT THE DIRT FLOWS OVER

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THE PLATE MUCH MORE QUICKLY
IN A VACUUM THAN IN OUR

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INITIAL OPEN AIR TESTS,
AND SOME OF THE SIMULANTS

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FALL OUT OF THE SCOOP
MORE EASILY THAN OTHERS,

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LEAVING BIG QUESTIONS ABOUT HE--
ANY OF THIS WILL WORK IN

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THE REAL LUNAR ENVIRONMENT.

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UH, TO AVOID HAVING TO DIG UP
THE DIRT ALTOGETHER,

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WE MAY TAKE INSPIRATION
FROM THE WORKINGS OF

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A TERRESTRIAL ZAMBONI AND CREATE
A LUNAR ZAMBONI THAT HEATS

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THE DIRT WITH MICROWAVES
AND COLLECTS THE EVOLVING WATER

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AS IT ROVES THROUGH THE SHADOWS.

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EXTRACTING THE WATER INSIDE
THE REGION AND STORING IT IN

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A TANKER MEANS FEWER TRIPS
OUTSIDE OF THE REGION,

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BUT MORE POWER INSIDE,
WHERE THAT SAME LACK OF SUNLIGHT

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THAT'S GOOD FOR PRESERVING
THE ICE IS BAD WHEN WANTING

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TO USE SOLAR ENERGY.

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THEREFORE, PROCESSING INSIDE
THE SHADOWED REGIONS WILL

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LIKELY REQUIRE SOME SORT OF
BEAMED ENERGY OR NUCLEAR POWER,

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ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY BEING
DEVELOPED HERE AT

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00:09:02,790 --> 00:09:06,550
THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER.

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00:09:06,550 --> 00:09:09,900
IN ORDER TO MOVE TOWARD OUR
SUSTAINABILITY GOAL FASTER,

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WE MAY START BY
PROCESSING THE REGOLITH

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OUTSIDE THE SHADOW REGIONS,
WHERE WE STILL HAVE PLENTY

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OF SUNLIGHT FOR SOLAR ENERGY.

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THE LUNAR REGOLITH
CONTAINS OVER 40% OXYGEN,

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BOUND UP IN A MIX OF MINERALS
COMPRISED OF METAL OXIDES,

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SUCH AS IRON OXIDE
AND SILICON OXIDE.

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BY PROCESSING THIS REGOLITH
AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

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AND ADDING IN HYDROGEN, WE CAN
BREAK THE IRON OXIDE BONDS

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AND EXTRACT THE OXYGEN
IN THE FORM OF WATER.

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BY GOING TO EVEN HIGHER
TEMPERATURES AND INTRODUCING

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CARBON IN THE FORM OF
METHANE GAS, MORE OF

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THE METAL OXIDE BONDS CAN BE
BROKEN TO EXTRACT THE OXYGEN.

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WHILE PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN ALONE
FROM THE REGOLITH

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OUTSIDE THE SHADOWED REGIONS
DOES NOT GET US ALL THE WAY

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TO OUR SUSTAINABILITY GOALS,
TEN OF THAT TWELVE TONS

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OF PROPELLANT I SAID
WE NEEDED FOR THE TRIP HOME

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00:09:57,279 --> 00:09:58,490
IS OXYGEN.

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00:09:58,490 --> 00:10:01,190
SO IT IS A GOOD START.

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AFTER ESTABLISHING A FOOTHOLD
ON THE EDGE OF THE COUNTRY,

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00:10:03,970 --> 00:10:07,040
OUR PIONEER ANCESTORS
BEGAN PUSHING WESTWARD.

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00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:09,639
WE CAN IMAGINE-- 'CAUSE WE'RE
A BUNCH OF ENGINEERS,

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00:10:09,639 --> 00:10:12,630
WE ACTUALLY DID THE MATH--
WHAT WOULD'VE HAPPENED IF THEIR

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COVERED WAGONS FILLED WITH
THE POSSESSIONS AND TOOLS NEEDED

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00:10:15,610 --> 00:10:18,670
TO SURVIVE IN THE WILDERNESS
INSTEAD NEEDED TO CARRY

206
00:10:18,670 --> 00:10:22,560
THE FOOD, WATER, AND AIR
FOR THE MULES PULLING THE WAGON?

207
00:10:22,560 --> 00:10:25,470
ASSUMING SIX MULES CAN
PULL A TWO THOUSAND POUND WAGON

208
00:10:25,470 --> 00:10:28,880
25 MILES A DAY,
AND THOSE SAME SIX MULES

209
00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:32,230
REQUIRE EIGHTY-FIVE POUNDS
A DAY OF FOOD, WATER, AND AIR,

210
00:10:32,230 --> 00:10:34,290
THEN OUR ANCESTORS
NEVER WOULD'VE MADE

211
00:10:34,290 --> 00:10:37,089
THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS.

212
00:10:37,089 --> 00:10:39,569
THERE ARE MANY MORE PARTS WE'RE
WORKING ON TO COMPLETE OUR

213
00:10:39,569 --> 00:10:42,600
COMBINATION MINE REFINERY
AND GAS STATION FOR

214
00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:44,380
THE MOON AND MARS.

215
00:10:44,380 --> 00:10:47,529
WHEN WE ARE DONE,
WE WILL HAVE DISCOVERED,

216
00:10:47,529 --> 00:10:51,880
OR PERHAPS REDISCOVERED,
A NEW AND BETTER WAY

217
00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:54,480
OF EXPLORING BEYOND
THE BOUNDS OF EARTH.